Composition multilingual of Friuli Venezia Giulia
Meeting Place and the intersection of the three great European civilizations, the
Latin, Germanic and Slavic, Friuli Venezia Giulia area
linguistic and cultural complex in which, next to the language
Italian (in its standard form and in its regional variants), live
languages \u200b\u200bother novels, Slavic and Germanic that make the region a truly multilingual
own microcosm. The main types
Romance 'native' are respectively the Friuli
representing the eastern variant of an autonomous linguistic (Ladino), and the Venetian
, practiced either in the form 'colonial' Venezia Giulia and
typical of the main urban centers of Friuli in the form of adstrato and finally, for example in places
lagoon, as we speak of an ancient settlement.
regard to the component slavofona, there are compact territories
expression Slovenia on the border in the provinces of Trieste and Gorizia
well as several scattered communities in the province of Udine, in the valleys of
Natisone (Slavia Veneta) and Tower and Resia, in the Valley and Channel
Tarvisio, then include the German-speaking islands in the province of Udine in
Timau, near the town of Paluzza, and Sauris. You must then
deal with the regional Italian, which is now how
expressive large circle of no more speakers dialect speakers. This complex set of types
idiomatic helps to delineate, as you can see a panorama
language much richer than you think, in which there are now also
many foreign languages, reflecting the ethnic composition of
today's society.
Regarding specifically the linguistic repertoire of
Friuli area, it is very complex and not fully or in part in the schemes of
bilingualism nor diglossia.
In terms of the number of varieties carried a first
specificity in Friuli is the existence of widespread provided in three languages, namely that
involves the presence, alongside Italian and Friulian, one or more variants of
Venetian dialect. In the major cities of the Friuli (Udine, Palmanova,
Cervignano etc.). The linguistic repertoire of speakers - and in particular
who belong to certain social strata as middle class tradesmen and
- may in fact be enriched by a third variety, a type of Venetian 'colonial',
inherited from the Venetian domination, which it shares with the role of the Italian language
prestige should be noted that, after a certain period of considerable
'required', this variety is experiencing a degree of regression to the benefit
positive connotation of the other language in a social sense, ie Italian.
In other areas of the Friuli (Pordenone and close in the provinces of Venice, Treviso and Belluno
) depends on the presence of the Venetian geographical proximity, in some cases may
alongside others in the Friuli also supplant use. From the perspective of
tipodiregimebilingue, there arises the question whether the relationship between
and Italian Friuli or the Veneto and Italian
adhere more to the patterns of bilingualism or diglossia
of those (of course when living side by side all three varieties, the alternative will arise between
trilingualism and triglossia). The answer here is to articulate the need
: if until some time ago should probably talk about
diglossia, because the two codes are completely separate in the repertoire of
speakers and perform additional functions (the formal communication practices were exclusively entrusted
Italian, the Friulian against
was typically restricted to family conversation, communication with friends and with people
notes), today the relationship between Italian and Friulian
better interpreted in terms of bilingualism as they can take partial overlap and
functional connections: one is in fact the Friuli
also under the pressure of the phenomenon of self-identification e di ‘lealtà linguistica’, è
praticato in una certa misura come mezzo espressivo anche al livello della
comunicazione pubblica e della scrittura letteraria; dall'altra l'italiano,
diventando lingua nativa di larghe cerchie di parlanti, estende il suo spazio
comunicativo anche a quei domini informali che in passato erano di pertinenza
delle varietà locali.
1. Friulano
- Ambito di diffusione
Ai fini della determinazione dell'area linguistica friulana, bisogna tenere conto
della distinzione tra Friuli storico e attuale configurazione della regione
friulanofona. Così se storicamente il limite occidentale dell'area linguistica di
espressione friulana coincideva con il corso del Fiume Livenza (fino al 1838 ad
esempio il territorio di Portogruaro era nella giurisdizione del Friuli), tale
confine "si è poi modificato nei secoli successivi, rendendo difficile individuare
una linea di separazione precisa fra il dominio del friulano e quello
del veneto" (Anna Maria Boileau, I gruppi linguistici nella Regione Friuli-
Venezia Giulia, in IRRSAE 2001, 2, p. 8); analogamente ad est di tipo friulano
era la parlata preveneta di Trieste e Muggia sopravvissuta fino agli inizi del
XIX secolo. Oggi il friulano è effettivamente parlato nelle province di Udine,
Gorizia e Pordenone; oltre che in alcune propaggini della provincia di Venezia
(comuni Lugugnana and Bevazzana).
- Energy
estimates of maximum (the most recent research is implied by the condition
sociolinguistics of Friuli, Udine 2001, edited by Linda
Peak and coordinated by Raymond Strassoldo), in relation to a pool of potential
estimated 715,000 inhabitants in , Friulian is actually applied by 57.2%
of the resident population of around 430,000 speakers. Variety of Friuli-
According to the analysis of Francis 1982a, pp. 65-67
is possible to distinguish between the following varieties:
a) Friulian "central"
b) variety of Gorizia;
c) type Carnian;
d) type of Carnia West "that meets in the valley of the
Degano and its branches in the valley of Arzino" (p. 66);
e) western Friuli.
varieties are considered atypical of the area and Forni Forni di Sotto Sopra (
exposed to venetizzanti models), the upper valley of the Cellina Erto dialect.
2. Talk Venetian practiced in the territory of Friuli Venezia Giulia All
? Interior of the territory of Friuli Venezia Giulia are also practiced
Veneto varieties representing different matrices.
2.1 Variety Venetian
ancient settlement to be considered as such on the one hand speak of Grado and Marano lagoon
and other so-called bisiacco, which are "probably
the direct continuation of the local late Latin "(Francis).
The dialects of Grado and Marano have managed to maintain their footprint
Venetian dialect despite the proximity to the mainland of expression
compactly Friulian (close to Grado and Marano are Indeed
respectively Aquileia and Carlino are centers friulanofoni); about
variety of Grado and Marano has spoken of 'the Venetian lagoon' (Marcato Carla
) for both the geographic scope for both the historical connection with the collection of
similar centers that are distributed throughout the lagoon
Upper Adriatic until Chioggia.
Regarding the bisiacco (locally Bisiach)
is practiced in the southern province of Gorizia, known as the Territory, with reference center
Monfalcone. However, the real bisiacco not talking
in this town (where, if anything, we use a sort of Trieste or bisiacco
contamination from Trieste so that we can no longer define that), "but
its hinterland, in a triangle whose sides the Gulf of Panzano, the course from the mouth of the Isonzo
(Sdobba) to the Sacred and the hilly ridge, which terminates the plateau karst
... to the gates of Monfalcone itself "(Doria 1986, p. 481
the rest.). In the wake of Pellis 1930, Zamboni confirms the demarcation of the
dialect bisiacca triangle with Sagrado - San Canzian d'Isonzo -
Monfalcone and indicates how best preserved in the centers of Pieris, Begliano
and Fogliano. Overall, according to the classification of Pfister, the common dialect
bisiacca are included in Monfalcone, Staranzano
Ronchi dei Legionari, San Canzian d'Isonzo, Turriff, San Pier d'Isonzo, Fogliano
Redipuglia and Sagrado, all in the province of Gorizia.
about the origin of this variety, some have attributed to a superposition of a Venetian idiom
strain Friulian (Pellis) and instead there who (Crevatin 1978), on the basis of new and more
extensive materials, advances the hypothesis "that it can piuttosto essere il risultato
finale di una parlata veneta autoctona storicamente legata alla costante presenza
veneziana" (Ursini 1988, p. 542).
2.2 Veneto di 'contatto'
Tra il Tagliamento e il Livenza, nel Friuli occidentale ed in particolare
lungo la fascia di confine veneto-friulana (oggetto delle indagini condotte da
Lüdtke nel 1957) troviamo un modello veneto irradiato da località adiacenti (è
giudicato prossimo a quello parlato in territorio trevigiano-bellunese), e dunque
dovuto a diretto contatto linguistico.
Il confine linguistico tra area venetofona e area friulanofona passa lungo
la linea Montereale Valcellina - Giais - Aviano - Dardago - Budoia -
Mezzomonte - Polcenigo - Vigonovo - Fontanafredda - leaving out Palse
Sacile Sarone.
It must in particular consider the so-called Venetian-Friulian dialect, spoken
hybrid systems in a band "as part of the plateau Cansiglio to
Livenza sources, and includes Polcenigo, Budoia, Aviano (with
relativefrazioni) Vigonovo, Fontanafredda, PALS (in the town of Porcia), ipaesi
between Pordenone and Azzano Decimo (eg Cimpello), ban, and
Pescincanna Farturlongo in the town of Fiume Veneto, with Chions Villotta,
Bagnarola "(Rizzolatti 1996).
a particular position it is finally spoken to the Venetian city of Pordenone
that in the social strata exhibits a high Venetian and Venetian-style
in the lower middle class is close to that of Treviso (March 2001, p. 46).
2.3 Veneto 'colonial'
The adjective 'colonial' refers to those varieties of Veneto, in
as practiced in areas not adjacent to those where the Venetian is native, not
owe their geographical spread to a contact but the prestige that Venice,
with its ruling class, was able to radiate outside its borders
following the supremacy of the Serenissima (
we refer in particular to the period between 1420 and 1797 when the west-central Friuli
it was in the jurisdiction of the Republic of Venice). These varieties
as it were 'parachuted' from the top because "the relationship between Friuli and Veneto
does not happen in this case through the contact between two communities who speak their own dialects
popular, that is, say through a horizontal contact ,
but through a vertical contact, so to speak, through a process of
acquisition by social class more interested in mobility, a variety
more socially prestigious as spoken by the ruling classes of the Friuli,
of Venetian origin ( Vanelli 2000, p. 259).
In Friuli Udine the Venetian colonial varieties are rooted mainly in
centers urbani, in particolare nel capoluogo (il veneto corrente a Udine prende il
nome di veneto udinese o semplicemente udinese) ma anche nei centri
intermedi come Palmanova, Spilimbergo, Codroipo.
Appartiene alle varietà di tipo ‘coloniale’ anche l'attuale dialetto
triestino, il quale soppiantò il vecchio idioma di tipo friulano parlato al suo
posto fin verso il 1830 ed al quale, per distinguerlo dal "triestino moderno" (o
semplicemente "triestino"), Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (Saggi ladini, 1873, p. 479)
applicò la denominazione di tergestino.
A sua volta il veneto di tipo triestino, muovendo dal capoluogo giuliano,
tocca Monfalcone e poi, risalendo il through the area during the Isonzo bisiacca
(Ronchi, Pieris, Sagrado, etc..) reaches the city of Gorizia
finally running out around the middle Isonzo "(south-east of Cormons) where it meets the type of Venetian
"koine" Udine "(Francis 1964, repr. 1970, p. 61).
3. Slovenian
The presence of a Slovene minority in the State dates back
Italian annexation of the Province of Venice ", following the peace treaty
of October 3, 1866, that at the end of the Third War of Independence, included in the boundaries of
the inhabitants of the kingdom "Slavia Veneta. The modest
abundance of the settlement and the cultural climate unwilling to
promotion of minority cultures, meant that until the First World War
the group remained entirely devoid of legal protection.
The balance would be changed at the end of World War
when it became part of the Italian state to be a part of the Slovenian language area
Val Canale in the province of Udine and the other above the large population of well over
Slovenian of Venezia Giulia. It then poses the problem of identity
firmly within the Italian community in Slovenia;
strongly resisted in the period of fascism, the Slovenian community has
gradually gained a well-defined position in the second
war until the recent approval of legislation introduced by the Law No 38, 2001.
The Slovenian is spoken with different degrees of protection and vitality, in
provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine.
In the province of Trieste are the Slovenian parliament
in the center of town, in the periphery (Chiarbola, Servola Guardiella, Barcola, Gretta, Scorcola,
Roiana) and in the surroundings of the town of Trieste (Trieste over Holy Cross,
Prosecco, Contovello , Villa Opicina, Trebiciano Basovizza), as well as in common
around Trieste (S. Dorligo Valley, Duino-Aurisina/Devin-Nabrežina, Sgonicco,
Monrupino).
In the province of Gorizia, the Slovenian parliament still lives in
suburbs of the city and in the hills north of the city (Collio). For the province of Udine
speak Slav resist
in Val Canale, Resia, in the valleys of the Tower and Natisone;
evidence is right to put the complex situation in the Val Canale
linguistic elements which coexist in the world novel, Germanic Slavic and is the only case in which
meet these three cultures.
In the absence of a general linguistic census (the question on membership
language, be made available until 1961 for the sole province of Trieste
, has not been proposed in the next census), a quantification of the population
Slovenian language is difficult, however, it is a good approximation
calculated from a minimum of 50 and a maximum of
100 000 people.
1)
traditionally interpreted as a continuation of the lat. bis aquae "in allusion to the fact that the area is located between the rivers
Timavo and Soca (the wording is taken from Marcato 2002, p. 342, n. 119), the term is more likely
reconnected with it. geezer, alluding to a speech stunted, or SLOV. bezjak "stupid" or better in
specific value of "refugee, fugitive," perhaps with reference to "the people who are refugees or
transferred this land to escape wars and invasions (Vicar 2005, p. 30).
(The text is in http://www.orioles.it/materiali/pn/Plurilinguismo_Friul)
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