(da istria.net)
History of Istria in its three millennia is very complex. There is good evidence of human presence as early as the Paleolithic period in prehistoric times. The history preserves the memory of immigration of Venetians at the time of the Trojan war. Occurs in the fifth century the invasion of the Celts "gens et fera valid," as Appian. Following the Roman conquest in 177 BC The Romans founded Aquileia on the doorstep "of the ports of Italy and from there began to radiate a deep romanization.
So on a substrate pre-Roman in Istria (Veneto, Celtic or pre-Indo) was superimposed on the Latin of Aquileia. Derive from the Latin vernacular of the province novels Istrian dialects Istriot south of Istria and a language type friuleggiante north but could also be non-native, but imported from Friuli. With the collapse of the Roman Empire in 476 began the barbarian invasions. This was followed by the Ostrogoths, the Byzantines, the Lombards, the Franks, who introduced the feudal system, but not shaken the romanization. The Slavs from the seventh century are considered an exception. Istria had a friendly relationship and sympathy with Venice. The Adriatic linked the two populations. Istrians began the dedication to the Republic of Venice in 932 with Koper. In 1420 the Venetians put an end to the secular power of the patriarchs of Aquileia. The first such extended their dominion over the Veneto. The domain will endure fino al 1797.
Questo mutamento storico, il dominio della repubblica di Venezia sull'Istria, si manifesterà anche nel cambio linguistico. "Eguale mutamento aveva subito anche il volgare istriano. All'orecchio di Dante, abituato alla dolcezza della parlata toscana, il nostro volgare italico doveva suonare "di accenti aspri e crudeli". Ma col progresso del tempo, di mano in mano che i contatti con Venezia divennero sempre più frequenti ed intimi, l'influenza del dialetto veneto si fece sentire anche nei comuni istriani, ove le famiglie dei cittadini andavano a gara di avvicinarsi anche nel linguaggio alla "Dominante". Fu così che, ove maggiori furono i contatti fra le due rive dell'Adriatico o maggiore la possibilità di subirne the greatest influence was the grafting of "Venice" in the primitive vernacular Istrian and their mutual fusion and assimilation had spoken several life which splits the region:
Ladin portrayed the now dominant, but once in Friuli and Trieste Muggia;
spoken in Istria Rovinj Dignano, Wales, and Fasana Valley;
i1 Venetian Istria in all other locations. "(Note 1).
Keep in mind that, having been Istria depopulated and repopulated, the phenomenon of linguistic change is very complex.
The main causes of the depopulation of the territory of Istria are due to outbreaks of plague and malaria that decimated the population from the thirteenth to seventeenth secolo. Si ebbero in totale 41 epidemie pestilenziali; la chiamavano il "mal de la Giandussa". Incessantemente l'Istria era colpita pure da febbri malariche. La mancanza di popolazione si fece sentire anche a causa delle lunghe, ripetute ed ostinate guerre che Venezia conduceva contro i patriarchi di Aquileia, Genova, gli Ungheri, l'Austria, i Turchi, la contea di Pisino, i conti di Gorizia, gli Uscocchi. Le uccisioni di uomini erano accompagnate dalle devastazioni dei campi c dal saccheggiamento di animali. Nelle Commissioni ducali del 1375 sì legge: "L'Istria tutta può dirsi deserta". L' ultima grande epidemia infierì dal 1629 al 1631. Pola non era più una città, ma "il cadavere di una città".
Lo stato directed migration and colonization from 1500 onwards. You try to repopulate the Istria with Italians, Greeks, Morley, Albanians, Montenegrins, Slovenes and Croats. There were 102 recorded times of colonization from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century. The recovery was reflected
important language. The Czoernig studied the Slavs in 1851 on behalf of Austria, and distinguished them in 17 language groups. The new settlers came into contact with the Slavic population of cities and the population of the Istrian countryside became bilingual. "In the south of the peninsula, where the item before the sixteenth century Italian novel was predominant colonization meant the start of the process that would lead to the formation of two spheres between their different cultural and introduction of a "balance" sui generis. When we talk about "balance" between the Italian and Croatian cultural sphere is not meant to Istria southern emphasize the presence of a "validity" and a "role" in the same local area and in the most far-ranging, but First of all, the fact of the future setting of a balance in the sense of "acculturation," in which the strongest Italian culture failed to assimilate the weaker of Croatia. The process of "acculturation" has not resulted in Istria, the contacts and relations between "cultures" ethnically divergent remained within the limits of a "equiibrio" sui generis "(Note 2).
Membership Istria language in the eighteenth century was composed of three linguistic communities: Croatian, Italian and Slovenian. The process of linguistic venetizzazione Istria we follow over time roughly in three distinct phases.
The "first phase" includes a few centuries - from the tenth to thirteenth - in which Venice or defeats in friendly relations with the coastal cities of Istria binds to itself in the "bond of loyalty." The coastal Istria became politically Venetian and the Venetian administrative language. There was an initial phase of co-existence of two codes: the Venetian dialect, and the Istrian preveneti. It seems logical that the Venetian from the fourteenth to the fifteenth century was limited to specific situations and functions.
The "second phase" venetizzazione goes to the sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century. E 'in this period, in 500, that the Tuscan language was imposed as the national gradually replacing i1 Venetian. The Venetian was high communication tool. It looked like koiné province.
The "third phase" sees the weakening and defeat of the Venetian Republic's political and economic. The Trieste, venezianeggiante dialect, replaced the Tergestina, friuleggiante dialect in the nineteenth century. In Istria Trieste spread the linguistic model without much difficulty, when the Free Port Trieste becomes economically replaced Venice. "Ne1'800 Trieste became the head of the koine Julian Veneto (Note 3). The third venetizzazione is thus marked by the interference of Trieste on the Istrian Venetian dialect.
In the early nineteenth century some philosophical ideas sparked a number of events. Were romanticism and philosophical idealism in conflict with the German culture of classical Greek and Roman rescued their middle ages. The idealism leads one to think the "spirit of nations" (Hegel). This idea has burst in Europe for some instances demographic, constitutional and the other, Europe is covered by a defined voltage irredentist. The Austria was confronted with irredentism Polish, Hungarian, Italian, Croatian. The language awareness began to bloom by multiple parties. This created situations of dynamism positive conflict. The contribution of the new dynamism of Trieste was accompanied by economic expansion, which opened the way to be notified of large Istria using a large volume of communication dialect. In the western part of the recovery there was a large part of the continuum language novel. The Venetian dialect-Trieste quickly regained all its prestige. Italian speakers gradually acquired land. The phenomena of acculturation and bilingualism are not always involved changing language. It is precisely this fluidity of the border etnicolinguistico that characterizes the third phase of venetizzazione Istria.
In the twentieth century Istria knew the season of totalitarianism. Italy began a condurre una politica di assimilazione dei croati e degli sloveni subito dopo il 1918. Si chiusero le scuole con lingua d'insegnamento croata e slovena. Dopo l'ascesa al potere del fascismo si vietò l'uso dello sloveno e del croato nell'amministrazione e nei tribunali. Si interruppe ogni attività sportiva e culturale in sloveno e croato. Vennero italianizzati quasi tutti i cognomi slavi. Tale politica già nel 1921 provocò la resistenza degli sloveni e croati. La seconda guerra mondiale e la divisione politica del territorio istriano ebbe come conseguenza l' esodo di buona parte della sua popolazione. La nuova congiuntura nazionale jugoslava esercitava una forte pressione ideologica sulla. popolazione, schierando le minoranze nazionali da una o dall'altra part. This led to mass exodus of Italian speakers. In addition to the historical continuum of dialect istroveneto, here drawn, there is the possibility of autochthony systems Venetian dialect in Istria, supported by Decarli. This view is rejected by Crevatin, who argues that it is not scientific. "Just think about this trivial item:" Venetian "is not equivalent to" Venetian ", despite the mixed use that is made of these designations, and the Istrian dialects (not to mention those Istriot, of course) are either scientifically Venetian watch If the dialect of those who have the right 'Istria between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries (Note 4).
Notes:
B. Benussi, Istria in its two millennia History, Trieste, 1924, p.283.
M. Bertos, the balance in the process of "acculturation" in Istria, and interactions between oppositions, 1982/1983, p.282.
F. Crevatin "For a history of Istria venetizzazione" vulgar and medieval Latin Studies, 1975, p.98.
IDEM, "Pages of the linguistic history of Istria, AMSI, vol. XXIV (1976), p. 317.
Bibliography:
B. Benussi, Istria in its two rnillenni history, Trieste, 1924.
M. Bertos, "The balance in the process of" acculturation "in Istria between interaction and opposition ', ACRS.voI.XIII (1982/83), pp. 273 -92.
G. Brancale-L.DECARLl, Istria, dialects eprelstorta, Triestc, 1997.
MR CRRASUOLOPERTUSI "The contribution to the history of neo-Latin etymology of Istria, AMSI, voLXXXVIII (ns) (I99U), pp.187-251.
F. Crevatin "For a history of venetizzaziunc language of 'Istria. Methodological perspectives for a diachronic sociolinguistics, studies medieval Latin and vernacular, voLXXlll (1975), pp.59-99.
IDEM, "Pages of the linguistic history of Istria. AMSI, vol. XXIV (ns) (1976), pp. 39-50.
IDEM, "The Venetian dialects of Istria," Guide to the Venetian dialect, vol.IV (1982), pp.39-50.
D. DAROVEC, Review of the history of Istria. Library Annales, Koper, 1993.
L. DECARLI, Origin of the Venetian dialect Istria, Trieste 1976.
IDEM - The Venetian Istria Guide to the Venetian dialect, vnLVll (1985), pp.91-125.
Source:
Nedveš Marija, "The dialect istroveneto" No Research 31-32 September-December 2001.
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